In Urdu diacritical marks (اعراب) are symbols placed above or below letters to change their pronunciation. They help in understanding the correct sound of words. Here’s an overview of common diacritical marks used in Urdu:
- Zabar (زبر)
- Zabar is a small line above the letter.
- It creates a short “a” sound, like “a” in “bat.”
- Example: آب (aab), دس (das).
- Zair (زیر)
- Zair is a small line below the letter.
- It produces a short “i” sound, similar to “i” in “sit.”
- Example: اس (is), دن (din).
- Paish (پیش)
- Paish is a small curve above the letter.
- It gives a short “u” sound, like “u” in “put.”
- Example: اُس (us), دُکھ (dukh).
- Madd (مد)
- Madd is a wavy line above the letter.
- It stretches the “a” sound, similar to saying “aa.”
- Example: آم (aam), آن (aan).
- Tashdeed (تشدید)
- Tashdeed is a symbol like a small “w” above the letter.
- It doubles the letter’s sound, as if the letter is repeated.
- Example: بَتَّی (batty), بَلُّو (billu).
- Hamza (ہمزہ)
- Hamza is a mark like an inverted comma.
- It breaks the sound, separating vowels or letters.
- Example: آئی (aa-i), سُوَرْک (surk), مَؤنُوث (maonoth).
- Tanween (تنوین)
- Tanween is used to add a “n” sound at the end of a word.
- It is often shown by doubling the Zabar, Zair, or Paish marks above or below a letter.
- Examples:
- مِثْلًا (Mithlan) – meaning “for example.”
- فُونٍ (Foonin) – a sound produced with a “n” sound.
- اللّٰهُ (Allah) – where the “h” sound gets softened.
Practice words with Tanween to recognize how it creates a nasal ending sound in Urdu words. - Khada Zabar (کھڑا زبر)
- Khada Zabar looks like a small vertical line above a letter, taking the place of an “alif” sound.
- It extends the sound of the letter, often similar to an “aa” or long vowel sound.
- Examples:
- رَحْمٰن (Rahmaan) – meaning “merciful.”
- اِسْمٰعِیل (Ismaeel) – the name “Ismail.”
- بَلٰی (Balaa) – meaning “yes, indeed.”
Khada Zabar is common in formal or religious texts. Practice recognizing it in names and titles to get used to its long vowel effect. - Alif Maqsura (الف مقصورہ)
- Alif Maqsura is represented by a small “ء” (hamza) or “ی” on certain letters.
- It changes the pronunciation to an “alif” sound, often at the end of words.
- Examples:
- زَکوٰة (Zakaat) – meaning “charity.”
- صَلٰوة (Salaat) – meaning “prayer.”
- عِيسٰى (Eesa) – name “Jesus.”
- مُوسٰى (Musa) – name “Moses.”
Alif Maqsura is commonly found in Arabic-origin words and names. Practice these words to recognize the sound change it introduces.
| Diacritical Mark (اعراب) | Description in Urdu |
|---|---|
| زبر | جب کسی حرف کی آواز ذرا اوپر اٹھا کر ادا کی جائے جیسے: آب، دس۔ |
| زیر | جب کسی حرف کی آواز ذرا نیچے کی طرف گرا کر ادا کی جائے جیسے: اس، دن۔ |
| پیش | جب کسی حرف کی آواز کو تھوڑا اٹھا کر ادا کیا جائے جیسے: اُس، دُکھ۔ |
| مد | جب الف کو کھینچ کر ادا کیا جائے جیسے: آپ، آج، آم، آن۔ |
| تشدید | جب کسی حرف کو ایک ساتھ دوبارہ ادا کیا جائے جیسے: بَتَّی، بَلُّو۔ |
| ہمزہ | جب کسی حرف کو کسی لفظ کے بیچ یا خِیر میں دباکر ادا کیا جائے جیسے: آئی، سُوَرک، مَؤنُوث۔ |
| Diacritical Mark (اعراب) | Description in Urdu |
|---|---|
| تنوین | زبر، زیر، پیش کی آواز میں حرف “ن” کی آواز پیدا کرتا ہے جیسے: مِثْلًا، فُونٍ، اَللّٰه۔ |
| کھڑا زبر | کھڑا زبر، الف کا قائم مقام ہوتا ہے جو کسی حرف پر آتا ہے اور اس میں الف کی آواز شامل کر دیتا ہے جیسے: رَحْمٰن، اِسْمٰعِیل، بَلٰی، شِیْرَۃ۔ |
| الف مقصورہ | الف مقصورہ “ء” اور “ی” پر آتا ہے اور ان کی آواز کو الف کی آواز میں بدل دیتا ہے جیسے: زَکوٰۃ، صَلٰوة، عِيسٰى، مُوسٰى۔ |
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